Makhana Fox Nuts Bihar Bonanza

Bihar's Prized 'Black Diamond': How Makhana is Reshaping Fortunes and Fields

A 'superfood' cultivated in the watery expanses of northern India is rewriting agricultural narratives, offering economic upliftment and ushering in an era of innovation. Makhana, also known by terms like fox nuts or lotus seeds, is rapidly transitioning from a regional staple to a global health sensation, with Bihar at the epicentre of this transformation.

For generations, individuals such as Phool dev Shahni sustained their families by plunging into the depths of murky ponds, often 2.4 metres (8 feet) deep. Mr Shahni recounted how he would spend hours each day submerged, needing to ascend for air after an interval of roughly eight or perhaps ten minutes. His task in those dim, muddy waters was the painstaking collection of kernels from Euryale ferox, which is a specific aquatic flowering plant. This traditional method, while culturally significant, posed numerous challenges.

These kernels, treasured by names including makhanas, or alternatively fox nuts, or even lotus seeds, people celebrate for their substantial nutritional content. They contain plentiful B vitamins, significant protein, and ample dietary fibre, leading many to hail them with the 'superfood' designation. Commonly consumed as a ready-to-eat item, these makhanas also feature in diverse culinary preparations, including the sweet milk-based dish known as kheer; processors also mill them to create a meal. Bihar, a state in India's north-eastern region and Mr Shahni's home, cultivates approximately ninety percent of the global makhana supply.

The lily plant's large, circular leaves float on the pond's surface, but the valuable kernels develop in underwater pods, making their collection an exhausting endeavour. Mr Shahni recounted the difficult circumstances, explaining that when divers worked at the pond's base, sediment would invariably penetrate their ears, eyes, nasal passages, and mouths. He added that many harvesters consequently developed skin ailments. He also highlighted the plant's thorny nature, which inflicted cuts during kernel harvesting.

A New Dawn in Cultivation

Recent years have witnessed a significant shift in cultivation techniques. Farmers increasingly grow makhana plants in conventional fields, utilising considerably shallower water. Harvesting kernels from water measuring only a single foot in depth allows cultivators like Mr Shahni to potentially double their daily earnings. Although the labor remains demanding, this change has brought relief and improved economic prospects. Mr Shahni expressed pride in his tradition and his intention to pass on the practice of cultivating fox nuts to his children. This evolution reflects a broader trend of agricultural adaptation and fresh approaches within the region. The move towards field-based cultivation addresses many of the physical hardships and health risks associated with deep-pond harvesting.

A key individual in this shift has been Dr Manoj Kumar. He holds the position of Senior Scientist at the Darbhanga-based National Research Centre for Makhana (NRCM) and has been a pivotal figure in this transformation. Recognising the limitations of expanding production of the crop within deep water environments about a decade previously, he and his colleagues championed the development of shallow-water field cultivation. This technique has gained considerable traction throughout the past four to five years. Dr Kumar explained that their innovations have made makhana agriculture comparable in ease to land-based crops, requiring only about a single foot of liquid. This significantly reduces the arduous labor associated with prolonged exertion in substantial water depths.

Image Credit - BBC

Scientific Strides and Economic Gains

The NRCM's efforts extend beyond cultivation methods. Through trials involving various kernel varieties, the centre identified a hardier and higher-yielding type. Dr Kumar stated this new variety has tripled farmers' income. Such advancements are crucial, as makhana cultivation offers a buffer against uncertain weather patterns and recurrent widespread inundations which have plagued Bihar. The research centre is also actively working on developing machines for kernel harvesting, signalling further modernisation of the sector. These innovations have demonstrably attracted more farmers to makhana. During the calendar year 2022, the land expanse committed to makhana agriculture reached 35,224 hectares (87,000 acres), representing nearly a 300 percent growth across a decade. More recent data suggests this expansion has continued, with cultivation nearing 35,000 hectares across multiple states.

The Bihar Agricultural University (BAU) in Sabour has also contributed significantly, developing high-yielding varieties like 'Sabour Makhana-1' and 'Swarna Vaidehi'. These offer potential yields of 3 to 3.5 tonnes per hectare, a substantial increase from the 1.7–1.9 tonnes per hectare achieved with traditional cultivars. Making quality seeds of these improved varieties readily available to farmers is a key priority. Training farmers in scientific package of practices is also crucial for adoption and yield enhancement.

From Traditional Fields to Profitable Ventures

Dhirendra Kumar, a farmer who previously cultivated crops such as wheat, various pulses, and mustard plants, experienced frequent losses due to floods. His encounter with a research professional involved in makhana farming during his PhD studies led him to undertake trials with this particular plant upon his ancestral farm. The results were transformative. He reported a net financial gain amounting to 340 British pounds, or 432 United States dollars, in his first year. Now, he cultivates these aquatic plants across a land area of 17 acres, which is 6.9 hectares. He acknowledged that he never imagined participating in makhana agriculture, traditionally an arduous occupation associated with fishermen. This shift highlights the crop's burgeoning appeal beyond traditional communities.

The transition has also created new employment avenues, particularly for female residents. Currently, Mr Kumar engages the services of approximately two hundred females from the immediate vicinity for kernel sowing. He aims to furnish employment opportunities for farmers to prevent them from abandoning agriculture due to its inherent uncertainties. This socio-economic impact, especially women's empowerment, is a significant outcome of the makhana boom. Government initiatives and the formation of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) are further strengthening this aspect, improving bargaining power and ensuring fairer prices.

The Mithila Makhana GI Tag: A Mark of Quality

A significant milestone for Bihar's makhana industry was the conferment of the Geographical Indication (GI) tag to 'Mithila Makhana' on 16 August 2022. This intellectual property designation, registered under the Mithilanchal Makhana Utpadak Sangh, recognises the unique origin and qualities of makhana grown in the Mithila region. The GI tag aims to protect farmers from unauthorised exports and misuse, enhance the product's economic value, and boost its recognition in international markets. Despite this, challenges remain in ensuring that the economic benefits fully trickle down to local farmers. Inefficiencies in productivity, processing, and supply chain management contribute to these difficulties.

Modernising Processing: From Mallets to Machines

Innovation is not confined to the fields. Madhubani Makhana, a prominent cultivator and processor, exports makhana globally. Shambhu Prasad, the company's founder and chief executive, characterized the conventional post-collection procedure – washing, roasting, and then striking with a substantial, hammer-styled instrument to cause the kernels to expand – as rudimentary, lacking in sanitation, and inherently unsafe. He added that this method often resulted in physical harm and thermal damage. Through a collaborative venture alongside the NRCM, Madhubani Makhana created an automated system that roasts and pops the fox kernels. Mr Prasad confirmed that this mechanisation has improved both the standard as well as production volume of fox nuts. Three such machines operate at their Madhubani plant. Madhubani Makhana Private Limited, incorporated in 2019, reported significant revenue for the financial year ending March 31, 2024.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and its institutes, like the Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), have also been instrumental. CIPHET developed a mechanized system for makhana popping, encompassing threshing, cleaning, grading, drying, roasting, and popping. This technology significantly improves working conditions, reduces processing time, and yields higher quality makhana for both domestic and export markets. The NRCM itself has developed and licensed several machines for commercialisation, including seed washers, graders, and various popping machines.

Harvesting Innovations: Easing the Toil

The arduous traditional harvesting process, typically undertaken by the Mallah (fishermen) community, involves diving and manually collecting seeds from pond beds. This is highly labour-intensive and poses risks. Recognising this, efforts are underway to mechanise harvesting. The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, and the Regional Centre for Makhana, Darbhanga, developed a system with a floating platform and mini diving kits. This aims to improve safety and productivity for divers. Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College, Purnea, part of BAU, Sabour, also developed a harvesting machine using attached drums, spearheaded by Dr Anil Kumar. Such mechanical harvesters have shown increased efficiency and lower costs compared to manual methods.

Image Credit - BBC

Nutritional Powerhouse: The Science Behind the Superfood

Makhana's acclaim regarding its 'superfood' status is well-founded. It boasts an impressive nutritional profile, being low in calories and fat, yet rich in protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fibre. Essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron are present in good quantities. Calcium supports bone health and may help regulate blood pressure and cholesterol. Magnesium is vital for numerous metabolic reactions, including protein synthesis and nerve function. Makhana also contains beneficial antioxidants like gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin. These combat oxidative stress and may protect against chronic diseases such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Some research suggests these antioxidants can reduce inflammation.

Traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine have long valued fox nuts for various health benefits. These include kidney support and digestive aid. Modern research is beginning to explore these claims. Animal studies indicate makhana extract may help regulate blood sugar levels. It may also improve cholesterol and triglyceride profiles, potentially benefiting heart health. Its protein and fibre content can also support weight management by promoting satiety. Furthermore, makhana contains amino acids like glutamine, cystine, arginine, and methionine, known for anti-ageing properties.

Global Appetite: Market Growth and Export Potential

Worldwide commerce involving fox nuts currently sees significant expansion. With an estimated value of 128 million United States dollars for the year 2024, forecasts indicate a rise to US$187 million by 2031, growing at a notable compound annual growth rate. Other reports project even higher growth, indicating a substantial increase in market value by 2033 and 2035. This growth is driven by increasing consumer demand for healthy, nutrient-rich snacks. Makhana's gluten-free, high-protein, and low-calorie attributes make it a popular choice for health-conscious individuals worldwide.

India is the world's largest producer and exporter of makhana. In 2023-24, India exported a considerable volume of makhana. Between late 2023 and late 2024, India dispatched thousands of makhana shipments. The top export destinations include the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) reported a significant increase in demand for makhana-based products in 2023. This rising global demand is a key factor influencing the makhana sector's trajectory. However, despite increasing production, Madhubani Makhana's Shambhu Prasad thinks considerable boosts in output will be required to achieve notable price drops, considering this powerful worldwide demand.

Government Support and Future Outlook

Recognising makhana's potential, governmental bodies are stepping up support. The Union Budget 2025 announcement included the establishment of a "Makhana Board" in Bihar. This board aims to improve production, processing, value addition, and marketing. It will also provide financial and technological support to farmers. The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare is actively promoting makhana. The NRCM in Darbhanga plays a crucial role in research, training, and dissemination of high-yielding seeds. Between 2012 and 2023, NRCM trained over 3,000 farmers and assisted 24 enterprises. The Bihar government also runs a Makhana Development Scheme, producing significant quantities of seeds annually.

Despite these positive developments, challenges persist. These include the traditional, low-productivity farming methods still used by some. Lack of complete mechanisation in harvesting and processing is another hurdle. Exploitation by middlemen due to lack of direct market access, inadequate storage facilities, and limited global awareness compared to other superfoods also present difficulties. Price volatility and regulatory delays in establishing infrastructure can hinder progress. Ensuring fair prices for farmers and improving the supply chain are critical. The reliance on skilled labour from specific communities for traditional harvesting also raises questions about long-term sustainability if younger generations do not continue the practice.

A Transformative Crop for Bihar

Dhirendra Kumar, the farmer who successfully switched to makhana, sees its cultivation as bringing far-reaching change. He perceives this as merely the inception of creative advancements within Bihar concerning makhana collection. Furthermore, he foresees these developments fundamentally altering the region's character. His optimism is shared by many who see makhana not just as a crop, but as a catalyst for economic empowerment. It also drives rural development and enhances agricultural prestige for Bihar on the global stage. The journey of makhana from the muddy pond beds to international markets is a testament to the blend of tradition, innovation, and the persistent efforts of farmers, scientists, and entrepreneurs. The continued focus on research, infrastructure, market linkages, and farmer support will be crucial in realising the full potential of this 'black diamond' of Bihar.