Free Bicycles Fuel India’s Education Revolution
Cycling for Change: Bihar's Schoolgirls Pedal Towards Progress
In the heart of Bihar, India's most economically disadvantaged state, the humble bicycle has become a catalyst for change. Nibha Kumari, now 27, vividly recalls how, at the tender age of 15, a bicycle provided by the state government revolutionised her life. For two years, she embarked on a daily two-hour cycling journey, braving the elements and traversing challenging terrain to reach her school and coaching classes.
“Without that bicycle, I doubt I would have completed high school. It was truly life-altering,” she reflects. Hailing from a farming family in the Begusarai district, Nibha had previously been sent to live with her aunt, a considerable 10km away, to attend a local primary school. The challenges of mobility, particularly for young girls, were compounded by the unreliability of public transport.
However, upon returning home for high school, Nibha found her freedom on two wheels. Navigating the often-rough village roads, she pedalled her way towards a brighter future. "The bicycle has given girls like me a newfound sense of confidence. We can now access education and opportunities that were once out of reach," she explains.
Bhuvaneshwari Kumari, a health worker in Begusarai, echoes Nibha's sentiments. "More and more girls are attending school now, thanks in large part to the free bicycles they've received. It's inspiring to see their determination and resilience."
This phenomenon isn't just anecdotal. A recent groundbreaking study, published in the Journal of Transport Geography, sheds light on the remarkable impact of cycling on the lives of school-going children in rural India.
A Silent Revolution: The Rise of Female Cyclists
The research, conducted by Srishti Agrawal, Adit Seth, and Rahul Goel, uncovered a significant increase in cycling rates among rural girls – more than doubling from 4.5% in 2007 to 11% in 2017. This surge has narrowed the gender gap in cycling, a remarkable achievement in a country where female mobility has historically been restricted.
"We call it a silent revolution because it's a grassroots movement that's transforming the lives of girls across the country," explains Agrawal. "It's a testament to the power of simple solutions to address complex challenges."
State-run free bicycle distribution schemes, launched in 2004, have played a pivotal role in this transformation. By targeting girls, who faced higher dropout rates due to household chores and long, arduous walks to school, these schemes have empowered them to overcome barriers and pursue their education.
Unmatched Scale: India's Bicycle Initiatives
While similar initiatives exist in other countries, the scale of India's efforts is unprecedented. The researchers, hailing from prestigious institutions like the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and the Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies Mumbai, analyzed data from a nationwide education survey. They examined transport modes for school-going children aged 5-17 and evaluated the effectiveness of state-run bicycle schemes in boosting cycling rates.
Their findings were striking. Nationally, the percentage of all students cycling to school rose from 6.6% in 2007 to 11.2% in 2017. However, the most dramatic increase occurred in rural areas, where cycling rates doubled during that period. In contrast, urban cycling remained relatively stagnant, likely due to safety concerns and the dominance of motorized transport.
Image Credit - BBC
Rural Resurgence: Cycling's Stronghold
India's cycling revolution is primarily a rural phenomenon. States like Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, and Chhattisgarh, with populations comparable to some European nations, have witnessed the most significant growth in cycling. Notably, the study found that cycling was more prevalent for longer distances in rural areas than in urban settings.
Pedalling Progress: Data on India's Cycling Habits
The 2011 Census marked the first time India officially tracked cycling behaviour. It revealed that only 20% of those commuting to work used cycling as their primary mode of transport. However, this figure was higher in rural areas (21%) compared to urban centres (17%).
Furthermore, the Census highlighted a significant gender disparity. A stark 21.7% of working men cycled to their jobs, compared to a mere 4.7% of women. "This gender gap in cycling is among the highest globally," observes Agrawal, underscoring the deeply ingrained societal norms and challenges women face in accessing public spaces.
The Bicycle: A Symbol of Emancipation
The bicycle's potential as a tool for female empowerment has long been recognised. American suffragist Susan B. Anthony famously declared that the bicycle "has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world." It provides a sense of freedom, self-reliance, and mobility that can challenge traditional gender roles and expectations.
However, the study's findings raise questions about why women cycle less as they get older. Researchers speculate that factors such as limited job opportunities, early marriage, and societal pressures contribute to this decline. Nibha's own experience reflects this reality. After getting married and moving in with her in-laws, she stopped cycling. While she continues to travel outside the home for her teacher training, she no longer relies on her bicycle.
Wheels of Change: India's Free Bicycle Schemes
In Bihar, one of India's poorest states, the government distributed nearly 9.5 million free bicycles to students between 2006 and 2019, with a significant 82% of recipients being girls. While most of these bicycles were distributed to those in rural areas, they weren't the only ones benefiting from the scheme. In the neighboring state of West Bengal, a remarkable 10.5 million bicycles were given out under the Sabuj Sathi scheme, reaching even urban areas and extending beyond just school-going children.
These schemes, coupled with other factors such as road improvements and awareness campaigns, have resulted in significant strides toward gender parity in cycling. The study estimates that these government programs accounted for 40% of the observed increase in girls cycling to school, suggesting a powerful impact on their lives and opportunities.
Beyond School: Cycling's Ripple Effects
While the primary focus of these schemes has been on education, the positive impact of cycling extends beyond the classroom. "Apart from improving girls' mobility, the bicycles also empowered them and raised their social status within their communities," says Rahul Goel, one of the study's authors. "This, in turn, led to an increase in their overall freedom and decision-making power."
Furthermore, cycling's benefits extend to physical health and the environment. It provides a form of exercise, contributing to fitness and well-being, while also offering a sustainable and eco-friendly mode of transportation. This is especially important in a country like India, where air pollution is a major concern. The World Health Organization estimates that outdoor air pollution contributes to over 1.6 million deaths annually in India. Cycling can help mitigate this problem by reducing reliance on polluting vehicles.
Challenges and the Road Ahead
Despite the significant progress, challenges remain. The study notes that while cycling rates increased, the average distance cycled to school actually decreased, suggesting that many students still face barriers to accessing education, such as the availability of schools within a reasonable cycling distance. Additionally, the quality of roads and infrastructure in many rural areas remains a concern. Poor road conditions can make cycling difficult and dangerous, particularly during the monsoon season.
Moreover, safety remains a significant concern, particularly for girls. Instances of harassment and road accidents pose a threat, highlighting the need for improved infrastructure and awareness campaigns to create a safer cycling environment. A 2018 study by the SaveLIFE Foundation found that road accidents claim over 150,000 lives in India every year, with cyclists and pedestrians being particularly vulnerable. Addressing these safety concerns is crucial to ensuring that the benefits of cycling are accessible to all.
The Economic Impact of Cycling
In addition to its social and environmental benefits, cycling can also have a positive economic impact. The study estimates that the free bicycle schemes generated a net economic benefit of over ₹13 billion (approximately $175 million) between 2006 and 2019. This includes savings on transportation costs, increased school attendance, and improved health outcomes. Furthermore, cycling can stimulate local economies by creating jobs in bicycle manufacturing, repair, and tourism.
The Role of Technology
Technology is also playing a role in India's cycling revolution. The rise of smartphone apps and GPS navigation has made it easier for cyclists to plan routes, track their progress, and connect with other cyclists. Additionally, the growing popularity of electric bicycles is making cycling more accessible to a wider range of people, including those with limited physical abilities or who need to travel longer distances.
A Global Movement
India's cycling revolution is part of a broader global movement towards sustainable and active transportation. Cities around the world are investing in cycling infrastructure, promoting cycling-friendly policies, and encouraging people to embrace the bicycle as a viable mode of transport. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of the environmental and health benefits of cycling, as well as a desire to create more livable and sustainable cities.
India's cycling revolution, particularly among schoolgirls, is a testament to the transformative power of simple solutions. The free bicycle schemes have not only improved access to education but also empowered girls, enhanced their health, and contributed to a cleaner environment. While challenges remain, the positive impact of cycling is undeniable, and its potential for further social and economic transformation is immense. As India continues to pedal towards a brighter future, the bicycle stands as a symbol of hope, progress, and empowerment.
The Role of Civil Society
While government initiatives have been instrumental in driving India's cycling revolution, the role of civil society cannot be overlooked. Numerous non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and grassroots movements have been actively promoting cycling through awareness campaigns, advocacy efforts, and community engagement programs.
One such organisation is the Smart Commute Foundation, which works to promote sustainable transportation solutions in Indian cities. They have implemented various initiatives, such as bicycle sharing programs, cycling workshops, and safety campaigns, to encourage people to embrace cycling as a viable mode of transport.
Another notable example is the Cycling Federation of India, the national governing body for cycling in the country. They organise various cycling events and competitions throughout the year, fostering a culture of cycling and encouraging participation at all levels.
Furthermore, several local cycling groups and communities have sprung up across India, providing a platform for cyclists to connect, share experiences, and advocate for cycling-friendly policies. These groups play a vital role in building a sense of community and camaraderie among cyclists, encouraging more people to take up the activity.
The Future of Cycling in India
The future of cycling in India looks promising. The government has set ambitious targets to increase the share of cycling in urban transport. The National Urban Transport Policy aims to achieve a modal share of 20% for cycling and walking by 2030. To achieve this, the government is investing in cycling infrastructure, such as dedicated cycle lanes, bike parking facilities, and integrated public transport systems.
Several cities in India are already leading the way in promoting cycling. Pune, for instance, has implemented a comprehensive cycling plan that includes the development of a 470-km cycle network, bike sharing programs, and awareness campaigns. Similarly, Chandigarh has created a dedicated cycle track network and implemented various measures to encourage cycling, such as car-free zones and cycling festivals.
The private sector is also playing a role in promoting cycling. Several companies are offering incentives to employees who cycle to work, such as subsidized bicycle purchases, dedicated parking spaces, and shower facilities. This not only benefits employees' health and well-being but also contributes to reducing traffic congestion and carbon emissions.
The Need for Continued Investment
While the progress made so far is encouraging, continued investment and effort are needed to sustain India's cycling revolution. This includes:
Infrastructure development: Building safe and accessible cycling infrastructure, such as dedicated cycle lanes, bike parking facilities, and integrated public transport systems, is crucial to encourage more people to cycle.
Safety awareness: Raising awareness about road safety and promoting responsible cycling behaviour is essential to reduce accidents and ensure the safety of cyclists.
Policy support: Implementing cycling-friendly policies, such as reduced parking fees for cyclists, incentives for employers who promote cycling, and restrictions on polluting vehicles, can further encourage cycling adoption.
Community engagement: Fostering a culture of cycling through community engagement programs, awareness campaigns, and cycling events can help build a strong cycling community and encourage more people to take up the activity.
The Bicycle: A Symbol of Hope
The bicycle, once seen as a simple mode of transport, has become a symbol of hope and progress in India. It represents a shift towards a more sustainable, equitable, and healthy future. As India continues its journey towards development, the bicycle has the potential to play a pivotal role in shaping its future.
From empowering schoolgirls to improving public health, reducing pollution, and boosting the economy, the bicycle is a powerful tool for social transformation. With continued investment and support, India's cycling revolution can continue to flourish, creating a more vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable society for all.
Embracing a Cycling Culture: A Paradigm Shift
India's cycling revolution signifies more than just an increase in bicycle usage; it represents a paradigm shift in how people perceive and interact with their environment. It's about embracing a cycling culture that prioritizes sustainability, health, and community well-being.
This cultural shift is evident in the growing number of cycling events and initiatives across the country. From cyclothons and rallies to bicycle tours and festivals, these events celebrate the joy of cycling and promote its benefits to a wider audience. They also provide opportunities for people to connect with each other, build community, and advocate for cycling-friendly policies.
Moreover, the rise of social media and online platforms has facilitated the growth of cycling communities and networks. Cyclists can now easily share their experiences, tips, and challenges, inspiring others to take up the activity. This sense of shared purpose and collective action is crucial to sustaining the momentum of India's cycling revolution.
Challenges and Opportunities: The Way Forward
While India's cycling revolution is undoubtedly a positive development, it's important to acknowledge the challenges that lie ahead. One major challenge is the lack of adequate infrastructure in many parts of the country. Building safe and accessible cycling infrastructure requires significant investment and planning.
Another challenge is the deeply ingrained car culture in many Indian cities. Changing mindsets and promoting a shift towards sustainable modes of transport requires sustained awareness campaigns and policy interventions.
However, these challenges also present opportunities. The growing demand for cycling infrastructure and services can create new business opportunities and stimulate economic growth. Moreover, the shift towards sustainable transport can help address some of India's most pressing challenges, such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and climate change.
Conclusion: Pedalling Towards a Better Future
India's cycling revolution is a story of hope, progress, and empowerment. It demonstrates the power of simple solutions to address complex challenges. The bicycle, once seen as a humble mode of transport, has become a symbol of transformation, offering a path towards a more sustainable, equitable, and healthy future.
As India continues to pedal towards progress, the bicycle will undoubtedly play a crucial role. It's a reminder that even small changes can have a big impact, and that collective action can create a better world for all. The journey may be long, but with continued commitment and innovation, India's cycling revolution can pave the way for a brighter future.
